Early research
Timeline of some key discoveries and advances in the development of mRNA-based drug technology.
The first successful transfection of mRNA packaged within a liposomal nanoparticle into a cell was published in 1989.[16][17] "Naked" (or unprotected) mRNA was injected a year later into the muscle of mice.[3][18] These studies were the first evidence that in vitro transcribed mRNA could deliver the genetic information to produce proteins within living cell tissue[3] and led to the concept proposal of messenger RNA vaccines.[19][20][21]
Liposome-encapsulated mRNA was shown in 1993 to stimulate T cells in mice,[22][23] and mRNA proved useful two years later to elicit both humoral and cellular immune response against a pathogen.[3][24][25]
Development
The first human clinical trial using ex vivo dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding tumor antigens (therapeutic cancer mRNA vaccine) was started in 2001.[26][27] Four years later, the successful use of modified nucleosides as a method to transport mRNA inside cells without setting off the body's defense system was reported.[26][28] Clinical trial results of an mRNA vaccine directly injected into the body against cancer cells were reported in 2008.[29][30]
BioNTech in 2008 and Moderna in 2010 were founded to develop mRNA biotechnologies.[31][32] The US research agency DARPA launched at this time the biotechnology research program ADEPT to develop emerging technologies for the US military.[33][34] The agency recognized the potential of nucleic acid technology for defense against pandemics and began to invest in the field.[33] DARPA grants were seen as a vote of confidence that in turn encouraged other government agencies and private investors to invest in mRNA technology.[34] DARPA awarded at the time a $25 million grant to Moderna.[35]
The first human clinical trials using an mRNA vaccine against an infectious agent (rabies) began in 2013.[36][37] Over the next few years, clinical trials of mRNA vaccines for a number of other viruses were started. mRNA vaccines for human use have been studied for infectious agents such as, influenza, Zika virus, cytomegalovirus, and Chikungunya virus.[38][39]
Acceleration
The COVID-19 pandemic, and sequencing of the causative virus SARS-CoV-2 at the beginning of 2020, led to the rapid development of the first approved mRNA vaccines.[40][41] BioNTech and Moderna in the December of the same year obtained approval for their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. On 2 December, seven days after its final eight-week trial, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency became the first global medicines regulator in history to approve an mRNA vaccine, granting emergency authorization for Pfizer–BioNTech's BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine for widespread use.[42][43][44] On 11 December, the FDA gave emergency use authorization for the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and a week later similar approval for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.[45]
This is the actual wikipedia piece. It was developed over 30 years. The first approved mRNA vaccine was developed over several weeks based on that research.
You're kind of wasting everybody's time with your responses here.
Who told you I believe he won the election, why do you keep assuming stuff?
