There are no exact figures on how many people have left Russia - but estimates vary from hundreds of thousands to several million.
In May the UK Ministry of Defence estimated 1.3 million people leaving Russia in 2022.
Other estimates of figures from various sources confirm the trend. Forbes magazine cited sources inside the Russian authorities as saying that between 600,000 and 1,000,000 people left in 2022. The Bell and RTVi - both independent Russian media - published comparable figures.