During the 18[SUP]th[/SUP] century, some 50,000 convicts were transported from the British Isles to Colonial America.
They represented as much as one fourth of all British immigrants. Crimes ranged from small offences to murder. Extreme lawlessness and poverty existed in the British Isles during this period and the transportation system provided a way to avoid the cost and problems of a homeland penal system. The “pardoned” became indentured usually for 7 or 14 years and were delivered in wretched conditions by private ships to America where they were sold to owners. They had no rights.
A merchant or captain paid a contractor 3 pounds per convict. In America they were sold for 9 pounds for unskilled and 25 pounds for skilled. For more insight to the history of transportation see the
article at the National Archives web site . (source: To Serve Well…”, p 78)
A different analysis of the numbers from
To Serve Well.. is: “
One half to two thirds of white immigrants from Britain and Europe came as indentured servants” (p.8) It appears the difference in the numbers is due to definitions of a voluntary indentured servant and transported-convict-indentured-servant” Regardless, the overwhelming point is that huge numbers of immigrants in the 18[SUP]th[/SUP] century were not “free” but were indentured for many years.
Where from and what type of person?
"...much of the food eaten on the sugar plantations was grown in the middle colonies with the labor of indentured sevants. Philadelphia and Newcastle became their principal ports of entry, and though many shiploads were sent to Virginia and especially to Maryland during the 18th century, nevertheless persons came from those colonies to buy servants arriving in the Delaward River ports.
Convicts
A sample of the 2074 received convicts in four Maryland counties:
Kent Co 1719-1744 402
KC Bonds and Indentures
Queen Ann Co. 1727-1750 249
QA Land Records
Baltimore Co. 1770-1774 574
BC Convict Records
Anne Arundel Co. 1771-1775 849
AA Convict Records
A sample of two ships in 1771 and 1774 shows these labor skills:
Unskilled and low skilled laborers: 61% and 49%
Wealthy and professionals: 2% and 0%
Landed society: 0%
Further details in the book indicates that while the majority were very unskilled and poor, a few were wealthy and professional. A few had funds to later buy out their indenture.
Origins were (approximately) 2% Scottish, 13000 Irish, and 36000 English.