There had always been radical Muslim groups around who condemned the existing governments as insufficiently *Islamic*; it was a normal part of politics in Muslim countries. Their numbers grew and their critique sharpened as the secular Arab governments demonstrated their total inability to deal with the problems they confronted (Israel, foremost among them), and by the early 1970s they had achieved critical mass in a number of Arab countries: they became actual revolutionary movements. Their analysis of the problem was crude, but it had an undeniable appeal because of its very simplicity.
"Theologically, the Islamist position is profoundly anti-nationalist. It comes out of the Salafist tradition, an intensely romantic vision in which the world's 1.3 billion Muslims, living in forty-odd countries spread across three continents, return to the ideals of the first generations of Muslims and live as one under Sharia law in a single, borderless community. Nation-states based on shared language and history are idolatry and blasphemy and only distract the attention of Muslims from the one community they really owe loyalty to: the umma, the worldwide community of all Muslim believers. As Osama bin Laden put it in a tape broadcast in February 2003, just before the US invasion of Iraq: 'The fighting should be in the name of God only, not in the name of national ideologies, nor to seek victory for the ignorant governments that rule all Arab states, including Iraq'."
- Dyer, Future Tense
Most Muslims are NOT Islamists. Even the word "Islamic" isn't equated with "Muslim" by the majority of that religion.
The paradox is that while Islamism is an anti-national doctrine, most of the Muslims who have been attracted to it are Arab nationalists - because Arabs are the only large Muslim group whose situation is so desperate that many of them have been tempted to turn to such a radical doctrine. Some people try to force Iran into the same category, but the "Islamic revolution" in Iran in 1978-79 was in no sense an Islamist phenomenon. It was another example of conservative Muslim revolt against a radical project for Westernization by a secular modernizer, Shar Reza Pahlavi, but it completely lacked the apocalyptic world-changing ambitions of the Islamists.
"Support for Islamist ideals (if not always for Islamist tactics) probably ranges between ten and fifteen percent of the population in most Arab countries."
- Dyer, Future Tense.
The great majority of the committed Islamists in the world are Arab.
Osama Bin Laden is an Islamist. The Taliban were Islamists.
If we're at war, it's with them - not Islam or the Muslim world. Don't fuel the rhetoric, folks.