Are you saying if no one sells to a low bidder in a crash ETF goes to 1 cent ?
Never heard of that, can you give me an example? but still its underlying holdings have not evaporated
An ETF does not own any stocks only participation units
More than you may want to know but more why ETFs are risky investments in a market crash:
Back in the 2015 crash, one of the many flash crashes we had about 10 years or so ago, I was watching the CNBC's market shows.
All of a sudden, all the speakers were in shock when they saw ETFs trading at $0.01 and thought this must be an error. It was simply because no authorized participant was willing to buy the ETF from sellers at any cost as the market was plunging. The $0.01 on the quote feeds was simply a holding value indicating no bid.
The risk was largely with stop loss orders, which allow you to sell at the next tick, so they sold at $0.01. That is why stop orders should be limit orders.
I believe this was the first time in history that the SEC - As I recall, a few days later - Reversed the trades to what was considered a fair value. Many ATF holders had losses far in excess of the last value of the stocks, but the SEC only reversed the extreme cases.
ETFs are risky investments:
Many consider ETFs a gimmick to sell higher-risk, mostly index investing, appropriate for the day trader, not a long-term investor. This makes huge profits for Wall Street.
You are not investing in companies; you are buying creation units. These units are appropriate for high-risk frequent traders who understand the complexities and risks of ETFs.
“If individual investors can't resist the temptation to jump into the fray and trade themselves silly, then they will just be making Wall Street richer, as well as justifying John Bogle's famous claim that ‘An ETF is like handing an arsonist a match.’" Source: Investmentnews
In regular times, the price of an ETF is based on the arbitrage opportunity between the ETF price and the price of the underlying securities. When things get squirrelly, authorized participants will allow the price of the ETF to drift to a point where they think they can still make money. They will then step in to be that buyer of last resort only when they are sure that the basket of securities they’ll receive doing a redemption can be unloaded for a profit.
You have to calculate a “bid fair value” and an “a fair value” for every one of the underlying holdings, then compare that with the bid and ask of the ETF. In fact, that’s exactly what stock market makers do while they’re trying to figure out when to leap in and arbitrage out any price discrepancies.
The 2015 flash crash wasn’t unprecedented. According to the SEC, another flash crash in 2010 dropped some ETF prices as much as 60% in a span of just 20 minutes. For a few horrific seconds, shares of the iShares Russell 1000 Growth Index ETF traded for a penny, while the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF sold for 13 cents.
What happened? In short, market makers walked away at the worst possible time.
Can it happen again— Yes.
"ETF pricing depends on the ability of large investors to arbitrage the difference between the value of an ETF’s underlying shares and its market price. When the two prices diverge too far, institutional investors can buy or sell creation units – blocks of stock in proportion to an ETF’s holdings – and profit from the price difference between the two." - InvestmentNews
In many places, you’ll just take the last spread the day—at the close—and average that out of some number of days. The problem is that closing spreads are just plain dumb. Most investors should never be trading at the close at 4 pm due to the mechanics of getting end-of-day quotes in the last 15 minutes. See below
Free brokerage accounts are not "free." For example, Robinhood makes millions on free accounts with spreads and on dealer order flow payments. Revenue was $420m in the first quarter of 2021 but still had a $1.4b loss. In 2020 it had a profit of $7 million on "free" accounts. (I wrote a white paper that included this years ago and have not updated more recent data - but you get the point).
This is the market mess you get into at market close auctions on the NYSE, I believe it is similar for the TSX and other major exchanges.
MOC= Market on close orders
LOC = Limit on close orders
CO= Closing offset orders
3:50 pm
Cutoff time for MOC/LOC order entry. Systemic publication of MOC/LOC Regulatory Imbalance is released. Thereafter only offsetting MOC/LOC and CO orders are allowed.
3:50 pm - 3:59:55 pm
Informational Imbalance publication is disseminated every 1 second. Includes the Paired-off quantity, Order Imbalance, Closing Only Interest Price, and Indicative Clearing Price.
3:55 pm d-Quotes and pegged e-quotes to be included in the indicative Clearing Price dissemination.
3:50 pm - 3:58 pm Only MOC/LOC orders that are documented errors may be canceled.
3:58 pm No cancels after this point, except as provided by Rule 123C(8)(a)(ii).
I have written a lot more about the complexities of ETFs
I have omitted most references but they include various reports
Dave Nadig ETF.com Analyst Blog wrote a great deal including:
"As much as I love collecting charts of terrible trades, it really does break my heart to see folks clearly losing money because of simple mistakes.
"My email box is sometimes full of proof that investors get burned by not paying attention to the basics. And if I had to categorize the big mistakes, I’d put them into four buckets:
He lists the buckets as: The Accidental Stop, The Dumb Market Order, Walking into Barn-Door Spreads and Trading on The Wrong Side of the flow, with details of each.
He concludes:
"So what is the consequence of all this trading? Well, on one hand it is certainly good for Wall Street because it means about $9 billion in revenue from making markets based on the bid/ask spread, which is the difference between what a market maker will buy and sell an ETF for. This is in addition to the $6 billion in estimated annual revenue that ETF issuers make based on the expense ratio. [This was from many years ago, I assume the profits are much higher today with so many more folks using ETFs]
"But is it good for Main Street? It depends. If retail investors can fend off the temptation to trade, then all that increased activity is — perhaps rather ironically — a good thing for them, because it brings down the round-trip cost by tightening up the bid/ask spread."