The big thing is "crimes of moral turpitude" -- murder, sexual offences, armed robbery, kidnapping and drugs offences. Convictions on those crimes ban you for life from Five Eyes Countries (Canada, the UK, USA, Australia and New Zealand) unless a waiver is granted for you to travel.I'm not an expert but I suspect this is how it works. I highly doubt RCMP choose case by case which gets shared but they probably have a standard (child molesting/terrorism charge = Yes, minor assault charge = No) for sharing. If you are convicted, it gets shared regardless. They're balancing the privacy rights of individuals vs security interests of the US and somewhere in the middle is an acceptable level of disclosure.
Buried in the vaults somewhere there's probably an explicit agreement between the US and Canada as to what gets shared but that will never see the light of day (and probably changes over time).
Contrary to popular belief, you're apparently allowed one and only one conviction when crossing into the USA (not sure of other countries) if the record is for a crime that is not one of "moral turpitude" but there needs to be a passage of time -- I think it's five years -- of the person keeping their nose clean. At the end of the day, it's the Customs agent you deal with who will pass judgement on whether or not to let you in.
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