Some stuff from Dovidio, I like it as it makes some points about how changing laws doesn't mean changing behaviour.
Racism doesn’t disappear because laws change,” says Jack Dovidio, a social psychologist who has been studying racism and stereotyping for nearly 30 years. Dovidio says poverty, unemployment, and high levels of infant mortality among blacks led him to study the nature of prejudice.
Much of his research has focused on subtle racism.
“Old-fashioned racism was blatant,” Dovidio says, “while subtle racism is often unintentional and unconscious.” But the effects are nonetheless damaging, he says, and they foster miscommunication and mistrust.
Categorizing People
“Consciously, we all endorse egalitarian values because that’s the American way,” Dovidio says. “But we’ve grown up in a society where historically blacks have not been treated equal. Racial stereotypes that are perpetuated in the media are less favorable of blacks than whites. Our culture has had a racist tradition embedded in it.”
He adds: “Human beings have a natural tendency to categorize people as either ‘like you,’ or ‘not like you.’ Cross-culturally, you find that if you categorize somebody as in your group, you like them better than somebody not in your group. In America, race is one of those critical dimensions that are an automatic categorization.”
Dovidio says racism also makes some people “feel more secure, and people are motivated to maintain their status, resources, and control.”
So while many people endorse egalitarian principles, and don’t believe they are prejudiced, in fact they’re exposed to negative societal forces and do have unconscious negative feelings and beliefs, Dovidio says: “The feelings and beliefs that underlie subtle racism are hypothesized to be rooted in normal ways of thinking, embedded in history, culture, and institutional policies.”